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The U.S. is facing a shortage of skilled tradespeople. As the baby boomer generation of HVAC professionals retires, there aren’t enough trained workers to take their place—creating high demand for qualified heating and cooling technicians. HVAC careers offer strong job security and long-term growth potential, making them a great pathway for those who are handy and motivated. With the right training, you could even start your own successful HVAC business.
Our guide contains all the information you need to become an HVAC technician, including training, licensing, and salary information, plus tips for growing your career.
What do HVAC technicians do?
HVAC technicians install, repair, and maintain commercial and residential heating, cooling, and ventilation systems. Some also work with gas lines and pipe fitting, or with geothermal or solar-powered systems.
You can choose to specialize in residential or commercial HVAC services, or work across both. You may need additional training depending on your specialization, but all HVAC professionals should have a mix of technical knowledge, hands-on skills, and strong communication ability.
Technical skillset
You’ll need to develop technical skills to install, maintain, and troubleshoot HVAC systems. Your training program will cover these areas in detail, but here’s what to prepare for:
- Mechanical aptitude: Comfort using tools, working with machinery, and doing physical labor
- HVAC system knowledge: Understanding how systems function and how components interact
- Refrigerant handling: Safe use and disposal of refrigerants like R-22, R-410A, R-32, and R-454B
- Electrical and mechanical systems: Reading wiring diagrams and understanding how electrical and mechanical components operate
- Troubleshooting and diagnostics: Identifying problems and figuring out the right repair methods
- Installation and repair: Safely installing or removing systems and replacing faulty parts
- Preventive maintenance: Performing scheduled tasks like cleaning coils and checking filters to extend system life
- Blueprint reading: Interpreting technical diagrams to plan accurate installations
- Smart technology: Configuring smart thermostats, zoning controls, and home automation tools
Soft skills
Soft skills are just as important as technical aptitude. You’ll need strong communication and organizational skills to work in HVAC, especially if you run your own business. Key soft skills include:
- Communication: Explaining systems and repairs in plain language
- Customer service: Being professional, respectful, and helpful
- Time management: Staying on schedule and planning jobs efficiently
- Problem-solving: Thinking critically to diagnose and resolve issues
- Adaptability: Adjusting to weather, emergencies, and last-minute scheduling changes
- Attention to detail: Ensuring accurate measurements, precise work, and safety compliance
Steps to become an HVAC technician
Whichever training path you choose, you’ll need to complete each of these steps to become a licensed HVAC professional.
Step 1: Earn a high school diploma or GED
Virtually all HVAC programs require a GED or high school diploma. If you’re still in school, focus on math, physics, electronics, or shop classes. Some schools offer early apprenticeship programs, which can give you a head start on your post-secondary education.
Many trade schools, community colleges, and apprenticeships require at least a C grade in math classes. If you struggle with math, you may need some extra tutoring before starting your HVAC program.
Step 2: Complete a training program
After graduation, you can enroll in a trade school, associate degree program, or apprenticeship. All of these options combine classroom learning with hands-on experience, but they have different structures, timelines, and costs.
Trade school or certificate programs offer fast, focused training (6–12 months), so they’re ideal if you want to start working quickly. Associate degree programs (18–24 months) provide a more well-rounded education, including general studies and business fundamentals—helpful if you’re considering management or starting your own company. Apprenticeships take the most time (3–5 years) but they’re typically the most affordable option, as they allow you to earn while you learn.
Some apprenticeships are offered independently, while others are part of college or trade programs. The United Association (UA) and the Sheet Metal Workers’ International Association (SMART) offer union apprenticeships across the country. You can visit their websites to explore programs near you.
Step 3: Obtain state licensing and EPA certification
Once you complete your training, you can apply for your HVAC license. Each state sets its own licensing requirements, which may include exams, documented work hours, and proof of education. Check with your state’s licensing board to ensure you meet all local criteria.
You’ll also need EPA Section 608 certification if you plan to work with refrigerants—which most HVAC technicians do. This federal certification is required by the Environmental Protection Agency and ensures you understand how to safely handle, recover, and dispose of refrigerants. There are four types (Types I, II, III, and Universal), but most techs get Universal certification because it’s expected by employers and gives you the most flexibility. Many training programs include EPA prep as part of the curriculum, but you can also take the exam through an approved certifying organization.
EPA Section 608 isn’t the only HVAC certification available—we discuss others below—but it is the only federally mandated one.
HVAC school cost
HVAC school costs vary by program, ranging anywhere from $500 to $15,000. As outlined above, apprenticeships are usually the most affordable option, but they take longer to complete and focus on hands-on experience. Trade school and certificate programs cost more but offer a faster path to licensure and provide more structured classroom learning to help you build technical knowledge and prepare for exams. Ultimately, the best path depends on your budget, learning style, and long-term goals.
Typical costs:
- Certificate/trade school: $1,200–$15,000
- Associate degree: $15,000–$35,000
- Apprenticeship: $500–$2,000 in fees; earn while you learn
- Tools, textbooks, exam fees: Often an extra $500–$2,000
- Additional expenses: Housing and meals can add $8,000–$12,000/year for campus programs
Ways to pay for training:
- Scholarships (merit- or need-based; no repayment required)
- Federal Pell Grants (need-based; no repayment required)
- Federal student loans (must be repaid)
- Employer sponsorships (company pays tuition in exchange for a work commitment)
HVAC license types
Each state sets its own regulations for HVAC licensing. Some issue licenses at the state level, while others issue licenses through individual cities or counties. Read our state-by-state guide to HVAC licensing for more information.
Apprentice license
Before applying for your HVAC license, make sure you’ve completed the fieldwork and classroom hours required by your state licensing board. There’s usually a small application fee and sometimes a written exam.
Apprentices must work under a licensed journeyman or contractor. Once licensed, you can start work right away—even part-time while attending school.
Journeyman license
An HVAC journeyman can work unsupervised, handling installs, repair, and maintenance. To get your journeyman license, you’ll need several years of apprentice experience and must take a test and pay state licensing fees.
Many HVAC pros stay at the journeyman level for their entire careers. However, if you want to run your own business, you’ll need a contractor license.
Contractor license
Most states require a contractor’s license to operate an HVAC business. Licensed contractors can bid on government projects and partner with developers as an HVAC installer or subcontractor.
You’ll need several years of experience at the journeyman level before applying for a contractor’s license. Most states require two exams: one covering HVAC theory and practical applications, and another covering business and law.
Optional certifications
Optional HVAC certifications showcase your expertise and can increase your job prospects and earning potential. Here are the two most common:
- NATE Certifications: The North American Technician Excellence (NATE) is the country’s largest nonprofit certification organization for HVAC technicians. Its exams test real-world knowledge of HVAC systems.
- HVAC Excellence: HVAC Excellence is a certification program established by the ESCO Group to improve technical competency in the HVACR industry. It offers various certification levels to ensure technicians meet industry standards.
How much do HVAC techs make?
HVAC salaries vary based on your training, experience, and location. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median annual wage for HVAC techs is $59,810 per year, or $28.75 per hour.
Your earning potential increases with experience, certifications, and the ability to work on complex systems. Technicians in high cost-of-living areas also tend to earn more.
Here are the average salaries by experience level, according to BLS data:
- Entry‑level (0-5 years): $37,270/year, o $17.92/hr
- Mid‑career and specializations (5-10 years): $57,300/year, or $27.55/hr
- Advanced (10+ years): $84,250/year, or $40.51/hr
HVAC job outlook and demand
HVAC jobs are in high demand. According to the BLS, employment for HVAC technicians is projected to grow 9% through 2032, outpacing the national average of 6%.
This growth is driven by two key factors: advancements in energy-efficient and smart HVAC technologies, and a wave of retirements among experienced technicians. These trends are creating strong opportunities for new HVAC techs—especially those who embrace innovation. Look for certifications in smart home systems and clean energy technologies to get a competitive edge in the job market.
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From recommending HVAC tools to jumpstart your career to providing helpful calculators and templates, we have the tips and tricks you need for success.
FAQ
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Do you need a degree to work in HVAC?
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No, you don’t need a college degree to work in HVAC, as long as you provide proof that you’ve completed your state’s required number of classroom hours and practical training. However, most HVAC training programs require a GED or high school diploma.
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How long does it take to become an HVAC tech?
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It can take anywhere from six months to five years to become an HVAC technician, depending on how quickly you complete your training.
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Can you earn six figures in HVAC?
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Yes, you can earn six figures in HVAC—especially as a contractor or with specializations. Top techs and business owners can make well over $100,000. However, the median salary for HVAC technicians is $59,810 per year, so it will take time to work up to this level.
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What tools do you need for HVAC?
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Your HVAC toolbox should include hand tools like screwdrivers, pliers, and wrenches, as well as specialized tools such as refrigerant gauges, multimeters, and leak detectors. Safety gear, like gloves and safety glasses, is also crucial.
